Acute coronary syndrome

Symptoms

Many acute coronary syndrome symptoms are the same as those of a heart attack. And if acute coronary syndrome isn't treated quickly, a heart attack will occur. It's important to take acute coronary syndrome symptoms very seriously. Get medical help right away if you have these signs and symptoms and think you're having a heart attack:

• Chest pain (angina) that feels like burning, pressure or tightness and lasts several minutes or longer, which may occur with exercise, emotional stress or eating a large meal.
• Pain elsewhere in the body, such as the upper arm or jaw (referred pain).
• Nausea.
• Vomiting.
• Shortness of breath (dyspnea).
• Sudden, heavy sweating (diaphoresis).
• Lightheadedness

If you're having a heart attack, the signs and symptoms may vary for women. Women's heart attack symptoms usually include:

• Abdominal pain or pains similar to heartburn
• Clammy skin
• Lightheadedness or dizziness
• Unusual or unexplained fatigue

Causes

Acute coronary syndrome may develop slowly over time by the building up of plaques in the arteries in your heart. These plaques, made up of fatty deposits, cause the arteries to narrow and make it more difficult for blood to flow through them. This buildup of plaques is known as atherosclerosis. Eventually, this buildup means that your heart can't pump enough oxygen-rich blood to the rest of your body, causing chest pain (angina) or a heart attack.

Another medical term closely related to acute coronary syndrome is coronary artery disease. Coronary artery disease refers to the damage to your heart arteries from atherosclerosis.

If one of the plaques in your coronary arteries ruptures, it can cause a heart attack. In fact, many instances of coronary artery syndrome develop after a plaque ruptures. A blood clot will form on the site of the rupture, blocking the flow of blood through the artery.

Risk factors

Acute coronary syndrome risk factors include:

• Older age (over 45 for men and over 55 for women)

• High blood pressure

• High blood cholesterol

• Cigarette smoking

• Lack of physical activity

• Type 2 diabetes

• Family history of chest pain, heart disease or stroke

Diagnosis

If you have signs and symptoms of acute coronary syndrome, your doctor may run several tests to see if your symptoms are caused by a heart attack or another form of chest pain. If your doctor thinks you're having a heart attack, the first two tests you have are:

Electrocardiogram (ECG). This is the first test done to diagnose a heart attack. It's often done while you are being asked questions about your symptoms. This test records the electrical activity of your heart via electrodes attached to your skin. Impulses are recorded as "waves" displayed on a monitor or printed on paper. Because injured heart muscle doesn't conduct electrical impulses normally, the ECG may show that a heart attack has occurred or is in progress.
Blood tests. Certain heart enzymes slowly leak into your blood if your heart has been damaged by a heart attack. Hospital staff will take samples of your blood to test for the presence of these enzymes.The risk factors for acute coronary syndrome are similar to those for other types of heart disease.

Treatments

Treatment for acute coronary syndrome varies, depending on your symptoms and how blocked your arteries are.

Medications

It's likely that your doctor will recommend medications that can relieve chest pain and improve flow through the heart. These could include:

• Aspirin. Aspirin decreases blood clotting, helping to keep blood flowing through narrowed heart arteries. Aspirin is one of the first things you may be given in the emergency room for suspected acute coronary syndrome. You may be asked to chew the aspirin, so it's absorbed into your bloodstream more quickly. If your doctor diagnoses your symptoms as acute coronary syndrome, he or she may recommend taking aspirin daily.

• Thrombolytics. These drugs, also called clotbusters, help dissolve a blood clot that's blocking blood flow to your heart. If you're having a heart attack, the earlier you receive a thrombolytic drug after a heart attack, the greater the chance you will survive and lessen the damage to your heart.

• Nitroglycerin. This medication for treating chest pain and angina temporarily widens narrowed blood vessels, improving blood flow to and from your heart.

• Beta blockers. These drugs help relax your heart muscle, slow your heart rate and decrease your blood pressure, which decreases the demand on your heart. These medications can increase blood flow through your heart, decreasing chest pain and the potential for damage to your heart during a heart attack.

• Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). These drugs allow blood to flow from your heart more easily. Your doctor may prescribe ACE inhibitors or ARBs if you've had a moderate to severe heart attack that has reduced your heart's pumping capacity. These drugs also lower blood pressure and may prevent a second heart attack.

• Calcium channel blockers. These medications relax the heart and allow more blood to flow to and from the heart. Calcium channel blockers are generally given if symptoms persist after you've taken nitroglycerin and beta blockers.

• Cholesterol-lowering drugs. Commonly used drugs known as statins can lower your cholesterol levels, making plaque deposits less likely. The goal of statin therapy is to reduce the low density lipoprotein (LDL, or "bad") cholesterol levels to under 100 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL).

• Clopidogrel. The medication clopidogrel (Plavix) can help prevent blood clots from forming by making your blood platelets less likely to stick together. However, clopidogrel increases your risk of bleeding, so be sure to let everyone on your health care team know that you're taking it, particularly if you need any type of surgery.

Surgery and other procedures

If medications aren't enough to restore blood flow through your heart, your doctor may recommend one of these procedures:

• Angioplasty and stenting. In this procedure, your doctor inserts a long, thin tube (catheter) into the blocked or narrowed part of your artery. A wire with a deflated balloon is passed through the catheter to the narrowed area. The balloon is then inflated, compressing the deposits against your artery walls. A mesh tube (stent) is usually left in the artery to help keep the artery open. Angioplasty may also be done with laser technology.

• Coronary bypass surgery. This procedure creates an alternative route for blood to go around a blocked coronary artery. 

Lifestyle remedies

You can take steps to prevent acute coronary syndrome or improve your symptoms.

• Don't smoke. If you smoke, the most important thing you can do to improve your heart's health is to stop. Talk to your doctor if you're having trouble with quitting.

• Eat a heart-healthy diet. Too much saturated fat and cholesterol in your diet can narrow arteries to your heart. Follow the advice of your doctor and dietitian on eating a heart-healthy diet that includes plenty of whole grains, lean meat, low-fat dairy, and fruits and vegetables. Also, limit the salt in your diet. Eating too much salt and saturated or trans fats will increase your blood pressure and cholesterol.

• Exercise regularly. Regular exercise helps improve heart muscle function and keeps blood flowing through your arteries. It can also reduce your risk of acute coronary syndrome by helping you to achieve and maintain a healthy weight, and control diabetes, elevated cholesterol and high blood pressure. Exercise doesn't have to be vigorous. For example, walking 30 minutes a day five days a week can improve your health.

• Check your cholesterol. Have your blood cholesterol levels checked regularly, through a blood test at your doctor's office. If your cholesterol levels are undesirably high, your doctor can prescribe changes to your diet and medications to help lower the numbers and protect your cardiovascular health. It's recommended that overall cholesterol levels be below 200 mg/dL, and that high density lipoprotein (HDL, or "good") cholesterol (HDL) levels be above 40 mg/dL for men and above 50 mg/dL for women. Recommended LDL cholesterol levels depend on your heart disease risk. For those with a low risk of heart disease, LDL cholesterol should be below 130 mg/dL. In people with a moderate risk, a level of less than 100 mg/dL is recommended. For those with a high risk of heart disease, including people who've already had a heart attack or who have diabetes, it's recommended that LDL levels be below 70 mg/dL.

• Control your blood pressure. Have your blood pressure checked at least every two years. Your doctor may recommend more frequent checks if you have high blood pressure or a history of heart disease. Normal blood pressure is less than 120/80 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg).

• Maintain a healthy weight. Excess weight strains your heart and can contribute to high cholesterol, high blood pressure and diabetes. Losing weight can lower your risk of acute coronary syndrome.

• Manage stress. To reduce your risk of a heart attack, reduce stress in your day-to-day activities. Rethink workaholic habits and find healthy ways to minimize or deal with stressful events in your life.

• Drink alcohol in moderation. Drinking more than one to two alcoholic drinks a day raises blood pressure, so cut back on your drinking if necessary. From a heart-healthy standpoint, one to two drinks daily is fine for men, and women can have one alcoholic beverage a day. One drink is equivalent to 12 ounces (355 milliliters, or mL) of beer, 4 ounces (118 mL) of wine or 1.5 ounces (44 mL) of an 80-proof liquor.

Prevention

The same lifestyle changes that help reduce the symptoms of acute coronary syndrome can also help prevent it from happening in the first place. Eat a healthy diet, exercise most days of the week for at least 30 minutes each time, see your doctor regularly for checks of your blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and don't smoke.

References:

http://www.heartfoundation.org.au/information-for-professionals/Clinical-Information/Pages/acute-coronary-syndrome.aspx

http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/HeartAttack/AboutHeartAttacks/Acute-Coronary-Syndrome_UCM_428752_Article.jsp

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_coronary_syndrome

http://www.patient.co.uk/health/acute-coronary-syndrome

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/acute-coronary-syndrome/DS01061

http://www.webmd.com/heart-disease/tc/acute-coronary-syndrome-topic-overview

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2755812/

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/magazine/issues/winter09/articles/winter09pg25-27.html